that a circular bulkhead of sand, 30 ft
What allowance should be made for the strength of interlock, assuming
that a circular bulkhead of sand, 30 ft. in diameter, is to be carried
by steel sheet-piling exposed around the outside for a depth of 40 ft.?

of the great pioneers of flying
It may be said that Lilienthal accomplished as much as any one
of the great pioneers of flying. As brilliant in his
conceptions as da Vinci had been in his, and as conscientious a
worker as Borelli, he laid the foundations on which Pilcher,
Chanute, and Professor Montgomery were able to build to such
good purpose. His book on bird flight, published in 1889, with
the authorship credited both to Otto and his brother Gustav, is
regarded as epoch-making; his gliding experiments are no less
entitled to this description.

WIDTH AND PITCH OF BLADES.–If the blade is
too wide the speed of the engine is cut down to a
point where it cannot exert the proper energy; if
the pitch is very small then it must turn further to
get the same thrust, so that the relation of diameter,
pitch and speed, are three problems far from
being solved.

_A._–If the screw be properly proportioned to the resistance that the
vessel has to overcome, the slip will not be more than 10 per cent., but in
some cases it amounts to 30 per cent., or even more than this. In other
cases, however, the slip is nothing at all, and even less than nothing; or,
in other words the vessel passes through the water with a greater velocity
than if the screw were working in a solid nut.

casting-setting machine
The Lanston machine is composed of two parts, the keyboard and the
casting-setting machine. The keyboard part may be placed wherever
convenient, away from noise or anything that is likely to distract or
interrupt the operator, and the perforated roll of paper produced by it
(which governs the setting machine) may be taken away as fast as it is
finished. In the setting-casting machine is located the brains. The
five-inch roll of paper, perforated by the keyboard machine (a hole for
every letter), gives the signal by means of compressed air to the
mechanism that puts the matrix (or type mould) in position and casts the
type letter by letter, each character following the proper sequence as
marked by the perforations of the paper ribbon. By means of an indicator
scale on the keyboard the operator can tell how many spaces there are
between the words of the line and the remaining space to be filled out
to make the line the proper width. This information is marked by
perforations on the paper ribbon by the pressure of two keys, and when
the ribbon is transferred to the casting machine these space
perforations so govern the casting that the line of type delivered at
the ‘galley’ complete shall be of exactly the proper length, and the
spaces between the words be equal to the infinitesimal fraction of an
inch.

It is a new heaven. Who, that has lived these latter years, that has
seen it crashing and breaking through the old one, can deny that what
is over us now is a new heaven? The infinite cave of it, scooped out
at last over our little naked, foolish lives, our running-about
philosophies, our religions, and our governments–it is the main fact
about us. Arts and literatures–ants under a stone, thousands of
years, blind with light, hither and thither, racing about, hiding
themselves.

East of the shaft, for a distance of about 125 ft., the rock was broken
and could not be excavated to full size without timbering the roof, but
between this section of poor rock and those already mentioned in
connection with the work at Fifth Avenue, there was a stretch of 600 ft.
of good rock where all the spoil was handled with a steam shovel.

A. When steam is turned on at the boiler it flows through the steam pipe
and governor, entering the compressor at the steam enlet, then through
the steam passage ‘a’ to the reversing valve chamber ‘C’ also to the
main valve chamber ‘A’ between the differential pistons 77 and 79. The
area of the piston at the right being greater than the one at the left,
the main valve is moved to the right, (See Fig. 2) admitting steam to
port ‘b’ which leads to the lower end of the steam cylinder; steam is
now free to flow under the main piston, forcing it upward. When the
piston has almost completed its upward stroke, the reversing plate 69 on
top of the piston 65 engages a shoulder on the reversing rod 71, moving
the rod and reversing valve 72 upward (See Fig. 3). The upward movement
of the reversing valve closes the ports ‘f’ and ‘h’ and opens port ‘g’;
thus permitting steam to enter the chamber at the right of the large
piston 77, balancing the pressure on this piston, and the pressure
acting on the right side of the small piston 79–the chamber at the left
being open to the exhaust–will force the main valve to the left.

A.–The sea injection cocks are usually made in the same fashion as the sea
blow-off cocks, and of about the same size, or rather larger. The injection
water is generally admitted to the condenser by means of a slide valve, but
a cock appears to be preferable, as it is more easily opened, and has not
any disposition to shut of its own accord. In paddle vessels the sea
injection pipes should be put through the ship”s sides in advance of the
paddles, so that the water drawn in may not be injuriously charged with
air. The waste water pipe passing from the hot well through the vessel”s
side is provided with a stop valve, called the discharge valve, which is
usually made of the spindle kind, so as to open when the water coming from
the air pump presses against it. In some cases this valve is a sluice
valve, but the hot well is then almost sure to be split, if the engine be
set on without the valve having been opened. The opening of the waste water
pipe should always be above the load water line, as it will otherwise be
difficult to prevent leakage through the engine into the ship when the
vessel is lying in harbor.

The substance of a beautiful thing is its Idea.
A beautiful thing is beautiful in proportion as its form reveals the
nature of its substance, that is, conveys its idea.
Machinery is beautiful by reason of immeasurable ideas consummately
expressed.